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ETHICAL
ἀπόταξις (ἡ)

ΑΠΟΤΑΞΙΣ

LEXARITHMOS 722

The term apotaxis, signifying withdrawal and renunciation, holds profound weight in ancient Greek thought and practice. From the dismissal of soldiers to the definitive renunciation of the world by monks, its lexarithmos (722) suggests a process of separation and reordering.

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Definition

According to the Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon, ἀπόταξις is initially "a putting away from, dismissal, renunciation," especially "renunciation of the world" by monks. The word describes a formal act of separation, whether from a position, a group, or a way of life. In the Classical period, its meaning was primarily practical and legal, referring to the discharge of soldiers from service or resignation from office.

The concept of ἀπόταξις evolved significantly with the advent of Christianity. In monastic tradition, ἀπόταξις is not merely a departure but a radical renunciation of worldly ties, material possessions, and earthly desires. It constitutes the first and fundamental step in the spiritual life, a conscious choice to detach from what is considered an impediment to the pursuit of the divine.

This shift in meaning from the practical to the spiritual underscores the flexibility of the Greek language to incorporate new conceptual nuances. Apotaxis, as an ethical act, is associated with self-discipline, freedom from passions, and devotion to a higher purpose, making it a central concept in ethical philosophy and theology.

Etymology

ἀπόταξις ← ἀποτάσσω ← ἀπό- (from, away from) + τάσσω (to arrange, order, place).
The word ἀπόταξις is formed from the prefix "ἀπό-" which denotes removal or separation, and the root of the verb "τάσσω." The verb τάσσω means "to arrange, order, place in a row or position." Consequently, ἀπόταξις literally means "the act of putting something away from its place" or "removing it from an arrangement." The root tag-/tas- is an Ancient Greek root belonging to the oldest stratum of the language, producing a rich family of words related to order, arrangement, and organization.

The word family of the root tag-/tas- is extensive and includes numerous terms concerning organization, placement, and hierarchy. From the simple verb τάσσω, which denotes the act of arranging, derive nouns such as τάξις (order, arrangement, rank) and τάγμα (military unit, order of monks). Through the use of prefixes, this root generates words with more specialized meanings, such as διάταξις (arrangement, ordinance), σύνταξις (composition, grammatical arrangement), and ὑπόταξις (subordination), all retaining the core meaning of placement or regulation.

Main Meanings

  1. Dismissal from service or office — The act of formally removing someone from military duty or public office.
  2. Renunciation of the world (monastic) — The definitive and conscious abandonment of worldly ties, material possessions, and earthly desires, as the first step towards monastic life.
  3. Formal declaration of separation/withdrawal — A formal act by which one declares their removal from a group, an ideology, or a situation.
  4. Arrangement, regulation — In rare cases, it may refer to the act of arranging or organizing, although this meaning is more common in other words of the same root.
  5. Rejection of doctrine or person — The denial or renunciation of a teaching, a belief, or an individual.
  6. Divorce, separation — In late antiquity and Byzantium, it could also be used for the formal dissolution of a marriage.

Word Family

tag-/tas- (root of the verb τάσσω, meaning "to arrange, order")

The root tag-/tas- constitutes a fundamental core of the Greek language, from which an extensive family of words is derived, revolving around the concepts of order, arrangement, placement, and organization. From the initial meaning of "to arrange" or "to place in a series," this root has given rise to terms covering a wide spectrum, from military organization and administrative regulation to grammatical syntax and ethical subordination. Each member of the family, with the addition of prefixes or suffixes, develops a new nuance of the original idea, yet always maintaining the connection to the act of arranging or placing. The root is an Ancient Greek root belonging to the oldest stratum of the language.

τάσσω verb · lex. 1501
The basic verb of the root, meaning "to arrange, order, place in a row, appoint." It forms the core from which all words of the family derive, denoting the action of organizing.
τάξις ἡ · noun · lex. 571
"Order," "arrangement," "sequence," "position," "social class." It is the direct noun derivative of τάσσω, describing the result of the act of arranging, whether physical or social. (Plato, Republic).
ἀποτάσσω verb · lex. 1652
The verb from which ἀπόταξις is derived. It means "to put away, dismiss, renounce." In the New Testament and patristic literature, it is used for the renunciation of the world.
διάταξις ἡ · noun · lex. 586
"Arrangement," "regulation," "ordinance." With the prefix "διά-," it implies an arrangement extending throughout, a comprehensive regulation. (Xenophon, Cyropaedia).
σύνταξις ἡ · noun · lex. 1221
"Composition," "grammatical arrangement," "prescription." With the prefix "σύν-," it means the placing of things together, the creation of a whole from parts.
ὑπόταξις ἡ · noun · lex. 1121
"Subordination," "subjection." With the prefix "ὑπό-," it denotes placement under someone or something, submission to an authority or arrangement.
τάγμα τό · noun · lex. 345
That which has been ordered, a "military unit," an "order" or "group." It describes an organized whole that has received a specific arrangement or command.
τακτικός adjective · lex. 921
Pertaining to order, organization, "tactics." It describes something that is regular, systematic, or related to the art of arrangement.
ἀπότακτος adjective · lex. 1042
One who has been "dismissed," "renounced," or "removed." It is the adjective describing the state of a person who has undergone ἀπόταξις, especially in a military or monastic context.

Philosophical Journey

The concept of ἀπόταξις follows an interesting trajectory from its practical use in military and administrative terminology in classical antiquity to its central position in Christian monastic ethics.

5th-4th C. BCE (Classical Era)
Military and Administrative Use
Primarily used in military and administrative contexts, signifying the discharge of soldiers or resignation from office. Thucydides and Demosthenes use it in this sense.
3rd-1st C. BCE (Hellenistic Period)
Expansion to Legal Texts
Its use expands to legal and administrative texts, retaining the meaning of formal removal or resignation from a position or obligation. Polybius mentions it in relation to military procedures.
1st-3rd C. CE (Early Christianity)
Ethical and Spiritual Dimensions
The word begins to acquire ethical and spiritual dimensions, referring to the renunciation of paganism and worldly customs by converts.
4th-5th C. CE (Patristic Era)
Monastic Technical Term
Established as a technical term in monastic literature, describing the act of definitive renunciation of the world and dedication to God. Athanasius in his "Life of Antony" and Gregory of Nyssa use it extensively.
6th-15th C. CE (Byzantine Period)
Predominance of Monastic Meaning
The monastic meaning of the word predominates, while its use in legal and administrative texts for dismissal or resignation also continues.

In Ancient Texts

The evolution of the word ἀπόταξις from classical to patristic literature is highlighted through characteristic passages.

«καὶ ἀπόταξιν ποιησάμενοι τῆς ἀρχῆς, ἐπὶ τὰς ναῦς ᾤχοντο.»
“And having made their renunciation of authority, they went to the ships.”
Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.86.9
«ὁ δὲ Ἀντώνιος, τὴν ἀπόταξιν ποιησάμενος τῶν πραγμάτων, ἤρχετο τῆς ἀσκήσεως.»
“And Antony, having made the renunciation of worldly affairs, began his ascetic practice.”
Athanasius, Life of Antony 16

Lexarithmic Analysis

The lexarithmos of the word ΑΠΟΤΑΞΙΣ is 722, from the sum of its letter values:

Α = 1
Alpha
Π = 80
Pi
Ο = 70
Omicron
Τ = 300
Tau
Α = 1
Alpha
Ξ = 60
Xi
Ι = 10
Iota
Σ = 200
Sigma
= 722
Total
1 + 80 + 70 + 300 + 1 + 60 + 10 + 200 = 722

722 decomposes into 700 (hundreds) + 20 (tens) + 2 (units).

The 18 Methods

Applying the 18 traditional lexarithmic methods to the word ΑΠΟΤΑΞΙΣ:

MethodResultMeaning
Isopsephy722Base lexarithmos
Decade Numerology27+2+2=11 → 1+1=2 — Duality, separation, choice between two states or paths.
Letter Count88 letters — Octad, completeness, balance after a process.
Cumulative2/20/700Units 2 · Tens 20 · Hundreds 700
Odd/EvenEvenFeminine force
Left/Right HandRightDivine (≥100)
QuotientComparative method
NotarikonA-P-O-T-A-X-I-SAbandonment of All, Principled Order, True Asceticism, Xenodochial Integrity, Spiritual Salvation (An interpretive acrostic connecting renunciation with virtue and salvation).
Grammatical Groups4V · 2S · 2M4 vowels (Alpha, Omicron, Alpha, Iota), 2 semi-vowels (Xi, Sigma), 2 mutes (Pi, Tau).
PalindromesNo
OnomancyComparative
Sphere of DemocritusDivination with lunar day
Zodiacal IsopsephyMercury ☿ / Gemini ♊722 mod 7 = 1 · 722 mod 12 = 2

Isopsephic Words (722)

Words from the Liddell-Scott-Jones lexicon with the same lexarithmos (722) as ἀπόταξις, but different roots, offering a glimpse into the universal connections of the Greek language.

ἀντιρροπία
“Counter-balance,” “equilibrium.” While ἀπόταξις signifies separation, ἀντιρροπία suggests the achievement of balance through opposing forces, a different form of order.
ὁδοποίησις
“Road-making,” “pioneering.” Apotaxis can be a departure from a path, while ὁδοποίησις is the creation of a new one, an act that also requires arrangement and organization.
παναίτιος
“Cause of all things.” A philosophical concept referring to the ultimate source of order and existence, in contrast to ἀπόταξις, which is an act of separation from an existing order.
περιηγητής
“Guide,” “tourist.” While ἀπόταξις is an act of withdrawal, the περιηγητής is one who guides within an arrangement, showing the way.
διοικητικός
“Skilled in administration,” “governing.” Administration is the art of arrangement and organization, which contrasts with the removal implied by ἀπόταξις, but also presupposes it as an act of reordering.
τερατεία
“Display of wonders,” “monstrous thing.” A concept often associated with the paradoxical or out of order, in contrast to ἀπόταξις which, even as a renunciation, is an act with specific order and purpose.

The LSJ lexicon contains a total of 59 words with lexarithmos 722. For the full catalog and AI semantic filtering, see the interactive tool.

Sources & Bibliography

  • Liddell, H. G., Scott, R., Jones, H. S.A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed. with revised supplement. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996.
  • ThucydidesHistory of the Peloponnesian War.
  • DemosthenesOn the Crown.
  • PolybiusHistories.
  • AthanasiusLife of Antony.
  • Gregory of NyssaOn the Life of Moses.
  • Bauer, W., Arndt, W. F., Gingrich, F. W., Danker, F. W.A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 3rd ed. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2000.
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