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αὔξησις (ἡ)

ΑΥΞΗΣΙΣ

LEXARITHMOS 879

Auxesis as the fundamental concept of growth and development, both in the natural world and in abstract thought. From the biological enlargement of organisms to arithmetical progression and philosophical evolution, this word describes the movement towards the greater, the more, the fuller. Its lexarithmos (879) reflects the complexity and dynamism inherent in the process of increase.

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Definition

Auxesis, a feminine noun, primarily signifies "growth, enlargement, increase." In classical Greek, it is widely employed to describe the natural development of plants and animals, population growth, the expansion of a city or state, as well as an increase in quantity or size more generally. It is a dynamic concept that denotes a process of change and progress.

In scientific and philosophical thought, auxesis acquires more specialized meanings. In biology and medicine, it refers to the development of organisms from birth to maturity. Aristotle, for instance, examines auxesis as one of the forms of kinesis (change) in natural beings, distinguishing it from genesis (coming into being) and phthora (perishing). For the Stagirite philosopher, auxesis is the increase in the size of an already existing body, while maintaining the same form.

Beyond its biological dimension, auxesis is also used in abstract contexts, such as the growth of knowledge, power, wealth, or reputation. In mathematics, it can denote numerical increase. The word retains its fundamental meaning of quantitative or qualitative enlargement, making it central to understanding evolution and change across many domains of ancient thought.

Etymology

auxesis ← auxano ← aux- (Ancient Greek root belonging to the oldest stratum of the language)
The root aux- is an Ancient Greek root belonging to the oldest stratum of the language, without clear extra-Hellenic cognates. It expresses the fundamental concept of development, enlargement, and increase. From this root derive verbs such as auxano and auxo, which in turn generate a plethora of nouns and adjectives describing various aspects of growth. The meaning of the root remains consistent throughout the history of the Greek language.

Cognate words deriving from the same root aux- include the verb auxano ("to increase, to grow"), the older auxo ("to increase, to develop"), the adjective auxetikos ("tending to increase, promoting growth"), the noun auxema ("growth, produce of growth"), and the compound auxipolis ("city-growing"). These words demonstrate the broad application of the root across different parts of speech, always retaining the central meaning of enlargement and progress.

Main Meanings

  1. Natural growth, enlargement of organisms — The primary meaning, referring to the development of plants, animals, and humans.
  2. Increase in quantity or number — The enlargement of population, wealth, resources, or any measurable quantity.
  3. Expansion, progress — The broadening of influence, extent, or power of a city, state, or institution.
  4. Biological development (Aristotle) — The quantitative change of an already existing body, preserving its essence, in contrast to genesis.
  5. Arithmetical increase, progression — The increase in mathematical sequences or the addition to a set.
  6. Qualitative improvement, enhancement — The increase of knowledge, wisdom, power, or other abstract qualities.
  7. Rhetorical figure, climax — The increase in intensity or importance of words in a speech for emphasis.

Word Family

aux- (root of the verb auxano, meaning "to grow, to increase")

The root aux- forms the basis of a significant word family in Ancient Greek, all revolving around the concept of development, enlargement, and increase. It appears in both simple verbs and compound nouns and adjectives, describing natural, quantitative, or qualitative progress. This root is of Ancient Greek origin and has maintained its meaning unchanged, underscoring the fundamental importance of growth in every aspect of life and thought. Each member of the family highlights a different nuance or application of this central idea.

αὐξάνω verb · lex. 1312
The most common verb of the family, meaning "to increase, to grow, to develop." Widely used from Homer onwards, both for natural growth (e.g., plants, children) and for abstract concepts (e.g., power, wealth). Aristotle uses it to describe the motion of growth.
αὔξω verb · lex. 1261
An older form of auxano, with the same basic meaning "to increase, to develop." Frequently found in epic poetry and early prose. In Herodotus, for example, it is used for the increase of power or reputation.
αὐξητικός adjective · lex. 1069
An adjective meaning "tending to increase, promoting growth, having the property of increasing." Often used in scientific and philosophical texts, especially by Aristotle, to describe powers or qualities that cause growth.
αὔξημα τό · noun · lex. 510
A noun meaning "growth, development, produce of growth, fruit." It denotes the result of the process of increase, such as the fruits of the earth or the product of an effort. Found in texts like Theophrastus' botanical works.
αὐξησμός ὁ · noun · lex. 979
A noun meaning "growth, development." Similar to auxesis, but sometimes with the sense of continuous or repeated increase. Used to describe progress or evolution.
αὐξητής ὁ · noun · lex. 977
A noun meaning "one who causes growth, promoter of development." Often used as an epithet for gods or powers that favor growth and fertility, such as Zeus Auxetes.
αὐξίπολις adjective · lex. 861
A compound adjective meaning "city-growing, promoting the growth of the city." Often used as an epithet for deities (e.g., Athena Auxipolis) who protect and favor the prosperity and expansion of the city.
ἀναυξής adjective · lex. 720
A privative adjective meaning "not growing, without increase, stagnant." It describes the absence of growth or the state of stagnation, in contrast to the dynamism of increase.

Philosophical Journey

The concept of auxesis, as a fundamental aspect of life and change, engaged Greek thinkers from the Presocratics through the Hellenistic period.

6th-5th C. BCE
Presocratic Philosophers
Early philosophers, such as Anaxagoras and Empedocles, addressed auxesis as part of their cosmological theories on the creation and change of beings, explaining how things grow and transform.
5th C. BCE
Hippocratic Medicine
In the medical texts of the Hippocratic Corpus, auxesis frequently refers to bodily development, the progression of diseases, and the effect of nutrition on health, underscoring its biological significance.
4th C. BCE
Plato
Plato uses auxesis in various contexts, often in relation to the development of the soul or the increase of knowledge, but also for the growth of the city. In the "Phaedo" (102b), he refers to auxesis as one of the forms of change.
4th C. BCE
Aristotle
Aristotle systematically analyzes auxesis in his "Physics" and "On the Soul," defining it as a quantitative change (increase in size) that preserves the essence of the being, in contrast to genesis and perishing.
3rd C. BCE
Hellenistic Science
During the Hellenistic period, with the flourishing of biology, medicine, and mathematics in Alexandria, auxesis became a central term for describing the development of organisms, mathematical sequences, and geometric progression.
1st C. CE
Plutarch
Plutarch, in his "Parallel Lives" and "Moralia," uses auxesis to describe the development of characters, the increase in leaders' power, and the evolution of political institutions, extending its meaning to ethical and political contexts.

In Ancient Texts

Auxesis, as a fundamental concept, is found in texts spanning philosophy, science, and rhetoric.

«τὸ δ’ αὔξεσθαι καὶ φθίνειν οὐκ ἔστιν ἄνευ τοῦ ἀλλοιοῦσθαι.»
But to grow and to diminish is not possible without undergoing alteration.
Aristotle, Physics 226b.10
«ἡ μὲν γὰρ αὔξησις ἐκ τοῦ προστιθεμένου γίνεται, ἡ δὲ φθίσις ἐκ τοῦ ἀφαιρουμένου.»
For growth comes from what is added, and diminution from what is removed.
Plato, Phaedo 102b
«τῆς δὲ φύσεως τῶν ζῴων ἡ μὲν γένεσις, ἡ δ’ αὔξησις, ἡ δὲ τροφή, ἡ δὲ φθίσις.»
Of the nature of animals, one part is generation, another growth, another nourishment, another decay.
Aristotle, On the Soul 415a.26

Lexarithmic Analysis

The lexarithmos of the word ΑΥΞΗΣΙΣ is 879, from the sum of its letter values:

Α = 1
Alpha
Υ = 400
Upsilon
Ξ = 60
Xi
Η = 8
Eta
Σ = 200
Sigma
Ι = 10
Iota
Σ = 200
Sigma
= 879
Total
1 + 400 + 60 + 8 + 200 + 10 + 200 = 879

879 decomposes into 800 (hundreds) + 70 (tens) + 9 (units).

The 18 Methods

Applying the 18 traditional lexarithmic methods to the word ΑΥΞΗΣΙΣ:

MethodResultMeaning
Isopsephy879Base lexarithmos
Decade Numerology68+7+9 = 24 → 2+4 = 6 — Hexad, the number of harmony and balance, associated with organic development.
Letter Count77 letters — Heptad, the number of perfection and completion, reflecting full development.
Cumulative9/70/800Units 9 · Tens 70 · Hundreds 800
Odd/EvenOddMasculine force
Left/Right HandRightDivine (≥100)
QuotientComparative method
NotarikonA-Y-X-H-S-I-SArche Hyperbaseos Xerasias Ethos Sophias Ischyos Somatos (Interpretive: Principle of overcoming barrenness, of increasing morals, wisdom, strength, and body)
Grammatical Groups4V · 3S · 0M4 vowels (A, Y, H, I) and 3 semi-vowels (X, S, S).
PalindromesNo
OnomancyComparative
Sphere of DemocritusDivination with lunar day
Zodiacal IsopsephyMars ♂ / Cancer ♋879 mod 7 = 4 · 879 mod 12 = 3

Isopsephic Words (879)

Words from the Liddell-Scott-Jones lexicon with the same lexarithmos (879) but different roots, highlighting numerical coincidence.

ἱππαστής
"the horseman, the rider" — a word that evokes movement and speed, in contrast to organic, often slow, growth.
ναύκληρος
"the ship-owner, the master of a ship" — connected with organization, management, and travel, concepts that can be metaphorically linked to the "increase" of business or wealth.
πρόθυρον
"the fore-door, the vestibule" — a word that suggests a beginning, the entrance to a space, in contrast to growth which is a process of development.
φιλένθεος
"loving God, inspired by God" — a word with a strong spiritual and religious connotation, which can be paralleled with the "increase" of faith or divine grace.
διαγωνία
"anguish, agony" — a word expressing intense mental pain, in complete contrast to the usually positive concept of growth and development.
ἐνυπνίδιος
"belonging to a dream, dream-like" — a word that refers to the world of dreams and imagination, far from the tangible, physical process of growth.

The LSJ lexicon contains a total of 71 words with lexarithmos 879. For the full catalog and AI semantic filtering, see the interactive tool.

Sources & Bibliography

  • Liddell, H. G., Scott, R., Jones, H. S.A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford University Press, 9th edition with revised supplement, 1996.
  • AristotlePhysics. Translated with commentary.
  • PlatoPhaedo. Translated with commentary.
  • TheophrastusEnquiry into Plants.
  • Diels, H., Kranz, W.The Fragments of the Presocratics. Weidmann, 1951.
  • PlutarchMoralia. Loeb Classical Library.
  • Smyth, H. W.Greek Grammar. Harvard University Press, 1956.
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